Speaking the same language: How artificial neurons mimic biological neurons

Artificial intelligence has long been a much-discussed topic: a computer algorithm "learns" by example what is "right" and what is "wrong". In contrast to a computer algorithm, the human brain works with so-called "neurons" - cells of the brain. These are trained and transmit signals to other neurons. This complex network of neurons and the connecting pathways, the synapses, controls our thoughts and actions.

Biological signals are more complex than those in conventional computers. The neurons in a biological neural network communicate with ions, biomolecules and neurotransmitters. More precisely, neurons communicate either chemically - through the release of messenger substances such as neurotransmitters - or via electrical impulses, so-called "action potentials" or "spikes".

Artificial neurons are a current field of research. Efficient communication between biology and electronics requires the realisation of artificial neurons that realistically replicate the function of their biological counterparts. This means that artificial neurons are able to process the variety of signals that occur in biology. Until now, most artificial neurons have only mimicked their biological counterparts electrically, without taking into account the humid biological environment, which consists of ions, biomolecules and neurotransmitters.

Scientists led by Paschalis Gkoupidenis, group leader in the department of Paul Blom at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, have now tackled this problem and developed the first biorealistic artificial neuron. This neuron can work in a biological environment and is able to generate various spiking dynamics found in biology and thus communicate with its "real" biological counterparts. To this end, Gkoupidenis' group realised a non-linear element made of organic soft matter, as it also exists in biological neurons. "Such an artificial element could be the key to biorealistic neuroprosthetics that speaks the same language as biology and enables the efficient restoration, replacement or even expansion of the functions of the nervous system," says Gkoupidenis.

This is the first time the researchers have been able to develop a realistic artificial neuron that can communicate in a biological environment in various ways - chemically or via ionic charge carriers.

Their results have now been published in the journal Nature Electronics.

Source: Press release Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research from 04.11.22